Lithium Facts

Australia and Chile Leading Sources of Lithium

Lithium is found in small amounts in volcanic (igneous) rock and waters of mineral springs. Given its importance as a primary component of lithium-ion batteries, below are some facts on this element.

1. Lithium is extracted from minerals (pegmatites, essentially igneous rock) and brine. Pegmatites typically contain 1.5% to 4% lithium oxide and can be found in places such as Greenbushes (Australia), North Carolina (US), and Bikita (Zimbabwe).

2. Continental brines typically contain 0.04% to 0.15% lithium. Such brines can be found in places such as Clayton Valley (USA), Salar de Atacama (Chile), and Salar de Hombre Muerto (Argentina).

3. According to the International Council on Clean Transportation’s 2024 report, Chile has the largest share of global lithium reserves at 36%, followed by Australia (24%), Argentina (10%), China (8%), and US and Canada (both 4%).

4. Meanwhile, Australia has the largest share of global lithium mining at 47%, followed by Chile (30%), China (15%), Argentina (5%), and Brazil (2%).

5. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, 1 ton of battery-grade lithium can come from 250 tons of ore, 750 tons of brine, or 28 tons of spent lithium-ion batteries.

6. Lithium is known to reduce the symptoms of mania and may be prescribed for bipolar disorder. Too much can result in lithium toxicity, causing symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and uncontrolled shaking.

Sources:

• https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/3/lithium

• https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/534440/1/lithium_profile.pdf 

• https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/ID-206-–-Battery-outlook_report_final.pdf

• https://www.epa.gov/hw/lithium-ion-battery-recycling 

• https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/25207-lithium-toxicity